Society at Home

Bonnie Fellhoelter Paola Brown English 102 17 March 2008 Argument Paper â€Å"Are you hot? Are you cold? Are you wearing that? Where’s your books and your lunch and your homework at? Grab your coat and your gloves and your scarf and hat. Don’t forget; you got to feed the cat! † (1) Anita Renfroe wrote these catchy words for the song â€Å"Momisms†, sung to the familiar tune of the William Tell Overture. Her words best describe a typical day of mayhem through the eyes of a mother. Mothers who stay at home know that at times, their lives can be discombobulating. Despite the chaos, stay-at-home mothers get the tremendous responsibility of only having one chance of raising their children in such a way that makes a difference in their children’s lives and in society. Throughout history, society has looked upon the male as the breadwinner: the one expected to work and support the family. The mother has been viewed as the nurturer: the one to stay home and raise the children. During the 1960’s, women wanted more rights, power, and the ability to get higher paying jobs. Women were given this right so they expressed this new found freedom by going to work outside of the home. As women sought employment, their children were left to the care of babysitters and day care workers. Because society has redefined the role of a mother to be one who is an important element in the workforce, the loss of the mother in the home has led to the Fellhoelter 2 decline of the family unit, and thus, to society. This forfeiture has created a generation for whom social morals and values are not as important as they once were. Perhaps this is due to a working mother being absent from the home where she is unable to personally instill these ethical standards in her children, thus leaving her children to receive their value system from strangers. â€Å"Society truly does begin at home†, asserts Sibyl Niemann, so, in order to return to a culture with better morals and values, the importance of the role of the stay at home mother should be restored. (2) In this way, stay at home mothers can improve society. It is disappointing when mothers are devalued for staying at home to raise their children. Richard Lowry states, â€Å"There is something valuable in a mother’s caring for her own child. † (4) In general, no one can take care of your child in the same way his or her mother would. A mother’s care is usually superior to daycare since she naturally wants what is best for her child. â€Å"According to a non-partisan Public Agenda survey in 2000, roughly 80 percent of parents with children five and younger say a stay-at-home parent is best able to give children the â€Å"affection and attention they need. †Ã¢â‚¬  (qtd. n Lowry 4) A mother’s individual care can also curb the aggression that is evident in day care centers. â€Å"A study done by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), reports that, kids in non-maternal care tend to be associated with qualities such as â€Å"gets in lots of fights,† â€Å"cruelty,† â€Å"explosive behavior,† â€Å"talking too much,† â€Å"argues a lot,à ¢â‚¬  and â€Å"demands a lot of attention. †Ã¢â‚¬  (qtd. in Lowry 1) Teachers who work in a preschool environment, like my daughter, are frustrated with how badly the children usually behave. Workers in day care are governed by strict rules which prevent Fellhoelter 3 disciplining children the way one can do at home. This causes a disregard and loss of respect for others because many children grow up thinking they can do what they want. Today, many of the younger generation act like they are owed something. In the workplace, it is shocking to see the way they treat others with their degrading manners and think there is nothing wrong with their behavior. They also tend to have lazy work ethics and â€Å"cop an attitude† when asked to do anything extra. This makes it difficult for many employers to find hard working and respectful employees. It is important to note that not all children in daycare grow up to be aggressive and unproductive adults. Even though many women in the work force find raising children to be a very difficult task which leaves them feeling lonely and bored, they do a fine job of balancing their jobs with raising successful children. These women enjoy being able to show their children the advantages of working outside of the home. They are able to â€Å"teach their children how to be independent, inquisitive, and ambitious†, as well as â€Å"learn the value of personal fulfillment and goal setting. † (Karaim 1) Reed Karaim also proclaims that, â€Å"successful working mothers give their children one of the best gifts any parent can: the example of a life lived to its potential. † (3) I think that all of these examples are helpful in raising successful children, however, I believe a stay at home mom can also teach these same qualities in the home. I know this to be true because I was fortunate to remain at home and raise my children. I was the one who was the nurturer and demonstrated love and compassion to my children by hugging, cuddling, and kissing them. I was personally involved in teaching them throughout all the stages of development and shared in the joy of my children’s accomplishments. There is something special about hearing your child’s first word and watching them take their first Fellhoelter 4 step as they giggle with glee. I was able to mold my children’s character by instilling good values and morals that taught them to be independent and set goals for themselves, such as being on time for work and appointments. These attributes have helped to contribute to society in a positive way and leave me feeling as if I have done a good job. Despite the seemingly successful results of a stay at home mom’s efforts, â€Å"our culture no longer values the household supported by a sole breadwinner. † (Niemann 3) This is demonstrated by the many women who currently do work outside of the home because they feel the need to contribute to their families’ well being. According to Niemann, â€Å"everything—from buying a house to applying for a college loan for one’s son or daughter—seems structured around the two income family. (3) A household that has a dual income helps â€Å"boost many families into middle class. †, says Karaim. (2) This allows their children to experience the comforts, options for education and opportunities that they might otherwise not have had. As tempting as this extra income may be, couples should be careful that this does not impact t heir relationship as husband and wife. When spouses compete for power in the workforce and then return home too tired to deal with the many needs of their children, the harmony of the family unit can suffer. This is because husbands often feel threatened by the success of their wives. Steven Rhoads claims that â€Å"men are more likely to divorce women who are ambitious. † (5) Lowry explains that â€Å"just the specter of divorce creates a kind of intra-marital arms race. The wife works to hedge against getting abandoned, but her very act of working, research shows, makes it more likely that the marriage will fail—a dismaying downward spiral. † (3) Since divorces negatively impact society, we should refocus on preserving marriage and on strengthening the family unit. Fellhoelter 5 When men and women are happy and comfortable in their roles as the fatherbreadwinner, and mother-caregiver, marriages can thrive. Women who do remain at home should not hide behind their children or husbands but instead should be proud of their role. They should be vocal about how productive they are with their children and family. This allows working women and men to see and appreciate the importance of the role of a stay at home mom. Perhaps they will see for themselves the advantages of remaining at home and raising their children. According to Lowry, â€Å"most women would like to stay home and care for their children, but society pressures them into believing that a career is more important than family. † (1) Unless some changes are made, the family unit will continue to decline. Less time spent with children building character increases the risk for disregarding and disrespecting others. The current attitudes of â€Å"you owe me†, â€Å"I deserve it†, as well as â€Å"it is all about me† will probably continue to get worse. Even though being a stay-at-home mom may have periods of loneliness, boredom, frustration, and feelings of futility, the rewards of being personally involved with raising one’s own children greatly outweigh the negatives. One of the greatest accomplishments in life is being a stay-at-home mom where one can teach and model good behavior and moral fortitude. By emulating these morals and values, children enter into adulthood with the necessary tools needed to produce a successful society. As tough as this unpaid task may be, this self-sacrifice of staying at home to raise ones’ children can be the most society enhancing job a woman can do.

My Summer Vacation Essay

The dream summer holiday of every individual merely comes one time in a life-time. In the summer of 2014 I had merely completed my first twelvemonth of college and my parents wanted to take me some where I’ll ever retrieve for my profound work. I had no hint of what their purposes were or what to even anticipate from them. My parents had invited merely about all of our stopping points relations and household friends to come along and observe the juncture with us. Majority of those that came brought gifts and money to promote me to make good. Of class this made me the most thrilled individual in the universe. because I non merely had household and friends over to observe but they besides spent the dark over for the trip my parents had put together to take us on. The undermentioned forenoon my Father woke everyone up at 2oclock in the forenoon to acquire situated and hit the route for the airdrome by 3oclock. How dry they had everything planned out from the bathroom clip to the seating in the vehicles. But yet each and every clip I pampered the inquiry in their caputs as to where we were traveling they ne'er answered me. Anxious to cognize I was. so one began believing of all the possibilities of the topographic points they’d see traveling. I began to acquire drowsy from how early I woke up and all the wonder running through my venas. After acquiring to the airdrome at 4oclock our flight eventually left at 6:45am and we arrived at our finish into Fort Lauderdale. Florida. We collected our bags and was on our journey one time once more this clip it had felt as if we had been driving everlastingly. I had woken up to shrieks and shouting from about everyone around me. yet I still had no hint as to what was traveling on. As my pa was seeking to happen a parking topographic point I started to look out the window in hunt of any hints that could assist me calculate out where precisely we were. Once we pasted the entryway my eyes blew up when I saw the words Carnival Cruise Lines. After seeing all the commercials with all the celebrations that occur. all the celebrated people that appear in individual. the astonishing games and household activities. the theater and nutrient that was on board. this was so the topographic point I would give the universe to travel to. When asked by my parents how I liked my gift. I became lost for words and could merely smile for how happy and filed with joy I was.

A Small Business Manager as A Leader

A Small Business Manager as A Leader Outline In the 21st century era, small and large, private and public businesses are all aiming towards economic growth. However, this growth has slowed following emergence of unprincipled leaders whose main aim has been satisfaction of individual needs as opposed to their employees and customers. With such unethical practices, it is obvious that a strong impact has been witnessed in economic growth, which boils down to declining capital investments and unemployment for small businesses. Emergence of economic uncertainty can be traced back to WorldCom and e-business sector failure (Luthans, Luthans, Hodgetts, it incorporates influence, involves attainment of a well labeled goal, and occurs in a group context. Hence, regardless of how leadership is operationalized, these aspects will undeniably play a contributing role in the utilized theory and definition of leadership. From a different perspective, Kouzes and Posner (2007) argue that management is understood from varying defi nitions. Conversely, this does not imply that both management and leadership roles cannot be held by one individual, but management is perceived to follow a definition quite different from leadership. Management definition incorporates supervisory, administrative, and executive direction of an organization or group. Therefore, management and leadership are perceived to share numerous similarities. For instance, going by the understanding of Gordon and Yukl (2004), both leadership and management are ways of impacting influence and collaborating with people for achievement of the overall goal. However, management and leadership fields can also be observed to be different. In Kotler’s leadership theory, leadership is an old concept that has been employed in business for many centuries. Management on the other hand is a concept that has been developed over the last 100 years as a result of industrial transformation. Kotler’s perspective is undeniably shared by many schol ars when it comes to understanding leadership and management. For instance, according to theorists Nanus poor leadership is inherent in many small businesses. Beaver (2003) and Perry (2001)7 affirms that one of the reasons for failure in much small business is simply because of poor leadership. Based on this understanding, Gordon and Yulk (2004) have mainly targeted their reteach in understanding important leadership skills that affect small scale environment. More than two decades ago, Beaver (2003) analyzed 200 small scale businesses that had recorded bankruptcy. From the study, it was clearly observed that the main reason behind failure of small business was management neglect, and lack of knowledge on leadership. Therefore, if these small businesses have to be successful, it is important to incorporate leadership styles. As Pellerin (2007) observes, the rate of failure in small businesses is high. This author observes that by the end of the third year, the rate of failure h its more than 62% in many small businesses. However, this study does not incorporate another burning issue: management incompetence. Scheers and Radipere (2007) add that within the first ten years of business operation, 90% of small business fail. These authors strongly agree that failure in these businesses is mainly caused by poor skills in management and leadership. As a result, for any economy to be successful, small business have to be competitive and productive (Beaver 2003)8. For any economic growth, the central role of small businesses can hardly be undermined. For these businesses, leadership and management skills should be understood as main steps towards increased returns. These skills are well incorporated in different theoretical perspectives. From various authors, leadership has been understood differently although there is a common agreement in these varying perspectives. Leadership has always been perceived to be a process through which one person is able to suppor t and aid others to accomplish common tasks. Through leadership, a way is created through which contribution is enhanced by ensuring that extraordinary things are implemented (Pellerin 2007). In addition, if these leaders have to be successful, they should importantly portray internal control locus. Charismatic leadership Charisma in leadership is highlighted and defined in numerous ways. It is however perceived to be an exemplary character that is natured in an individual person. According to Kouzes and Posner (2007)9, charismatic leadership is perceived as a behavioral inclination of leaders that result in development of exceptionally strong relationship between leaders and their followers. For these charismatic leaders, Robbins and Coutler (2003) has highlighted three exceptional leadership characteristics which are; expression of high confidence, strong convictions, and dominance in their beliefs. The same authors also add that these charismatic leaders should be able to dem onstrate optimism, determination and confidence, and collective ability of accomplishing mission and realizing the vision. These authors arguably add that these leaders are also required to engender trust as well as the ability to take personal risks to prove that their approach is indeed justified. Therefore, there is a high likelihood of charismatic leaders focusing to develop a clear and distinct group. Charismatic leadership has a high likelihood of being found in emerging and struggling small businesses than in stable and successful organizations. Emphasizing on the importance of this leadership, Kouzes and Posner (2007) have highlighted five important attributes that must be found in any leader to be categorized as charismatic. They are: (1) Articulation and vision; (2) Sensitivity to the needs of employees; (3) Personal risk taking; (4) Sensitivity to the business environment in which the business is operating; and (5) Execution of progressive behavior. Schermerhorn (2005) has summarized charismatic leaders as leaders or managers who are capable of sparking a sense of belonging towards the business. In addition, these leaders have been able to inspire their employees towards a direction in which organizational objectives and goals may be achieved (Schermerhorn 2005)10. Transformational leadership According to Pryor et al. (2007)11, transformational leaders are able to impact movement and change in their organization. Such leaders are able to seek ways of altering the prevailing structure while ensuring that people are continuously convinced to support new responsibilities and vision. For the excellent transformational leaders, power and authority is utilized as motivational and inspirational tools to the people they follow and trust. This leadership is hence able to provide energy producing characteristics through which new changes are likely to be generated in a business. Furthermore, these leaders are capable of motivating followers to transcend their individual interests for other combined purposes while at the same time ensuring that these followers are assisted to increasingly satisfy their individual needs. Pryor et al. (2007) have revealed inner transformational leadership characteristics in small business. These characteristics are highlighted to be inclusive of honesty, integrity, and personal values. These characteristics are positively influential to the leader’s behavior. For effective performance, a major ingredient is connection of transformational leadership with life experiences. This inner connection is combined with the resulting behaviors do develop external behaviors through which a business is transformed. For instance, a group vision is produced by a sense of personal involvement. Management models Conventionally, small businesses have been seen to have a low likelihood of utilizing strategic management models in comparison to large organizations based on a number of reasons. They are: (1) Sm all businesses are in most cases owned at the family level; (2) The leaders in small businesses are in most cases focused on daily operations thereby paying minimal-if any- attention to strategic management systems and management models; (3) Small businesses are mainly less endowed in financial resources that can comfortably be utilized in improving business performance through training; and (4) Competitors at their levels apply similar business approaches, without incorporation of any managerial models and implementation of systems through which improvement can be enhanced. Additionally, entrepreneurs involved in development of small business are hardly interested in development of procedures and processes. On the other side, large organizations obviously incorporate people with a clear understanding of management models by the time they have completed their studies in colleges. Moreover, these organizations have large amounts of finances that can resourcefully be allocated to tr aining. Large scale businesses compete with large business opponents that are competitively and strategically driven. Strategic management approach This approach was initially developed by Toombs, White, and Pryor (1998) with a perception that small scale business leaders or managers incorporate strategic management elements in their business. This ideal incorporates the SWOT analysis together with the vision, mission, objectives, goals, values, competitive advantage, critical success factors, measurement, and feedback. Various theorists strongly insist that strategic management is an important aspect for a small business targeting enhancement of quality initiatives. Numerous authors have mostly insisted that as a result of incorporating various business theories, models, standards, tools, strategies, surveys, and training, it becomes possible for small businesses to be improved. These theorists mainly insist on the need for integrating quality initiatives into the organizations strategic management (Pryor et al. 2007)12. As a way of creating additional emphasis on this point, Chemers (2002) explain that total quality management must be linked to the strategy of a business because most strategies incorporate goals. Chemers also adds that TQM must be guided by a senior team in management and project selection must be based on their importance when it comes to achieving success in a business. Robbins and Coulter (2003)13 supports the perception above. However, they argue that customer impact must be integrated with strategic management as a way of achieving the desired results. Model While strategic management theory is perceived to be a model that should be incorporated by business leaders for long term success and survival, this model hardly incorporates the 5P’s model that was established by Pryor (1998)14. The strategic management model and strategic direction establishment is perceived to be incorporated in one of the five rudiments that shou ld importantly be adopted to enhance a business success. For pneumonic purposes, this business approach has mainly been referred to as â€Å"Purpose.† The remaining elements are performance, people, processes, and principles. The 5P’s model is perceived to have some elements that are similar to those found in strategic management model that has earlier been examined. However, these elements have additional importance besides their individual importance. Moreover, their alignment is perceived to be equally important. Business leadership approaches Trait approach to leadership Trait approach is developed from â€Å"great man† model as an approach through which key characteristics can be identified for successful leaders. This approach is centered on the perception that through this approach, it is possible for leadership approaches to be isolated. Therefore, individuals possessing such traits can be selected, recruited, and installed into the positions of le adership. This theory has resulted in development of numerous traits. After numerous years characterized with continuous research, it is apparently hard to identify consistent traits. Although some traits have been found in various studies, these studies results have been inconclusive. It is possible for some leaders to possess certain traits. However, in case these traits are not present in an individual, this is not sufficient reason to disqualify such a person as a leader. In order to qualify an individual as effective leader, various traits should be processed. Nevertheless, there is a high likelihood of some traits to be more frequently observed than others. Some of the commonly observed traits in an effective leader are inclusive of friendliness, technical skills, task motivation, supportiveness to group tasks, emotional control, social skills, intelligence, and general charisma. Behavioral leadership The trait studies results were not conclusive. The inconclusiveness is b ased on the perception that it is hard to measure traits amongst other things. For instance, it is hard to measure such traits such as integrity, diligence, loyalty, and honesty. This inconclusiveness is what has challenged development of behavioral model. In this model, the focus is based on human relationships alongside performance and output. In McGregor’s theory Y and theory X managers, it is observed that an average individual is more likely to develop an inherent work dislike and will make all efforts possible to avoid working. In theory X, it is observed that this individual characteristic is highly likely to provoke the need for controlling, coercing, or even threatening individuals if they are to be encouraged to make efforts required for organizational goal achievement. Theory X is also based on the perception that an average individual highly prefers being directed as a way of avoiding responsibility. In theory Y, the managers believe that mental or physical effo rt expenditure is as natural as rest and play. In addition, the managers believe that employees are likely to exercise self-control and self-direction as a way of achieving the objectives that define their commitment. Moreover, the ability of exercising high level of ingenuity, imagination, and creativity in organization problem solution is widely (as opposed to being narrowly) disseminated in the people and human being potentials. From this theory, it is possible to conclude that theory X leader is more drawn towards an autocratic approach while theory Y leader is more drawn towards a participative style. In the managerial grid, developed through collaboration of Jane Mouton and Robert Blake, the focus has mainly been drawn to managers, employees (people), and task (production) orientation together with a combination of concerns between these two limits. Mouton and Brake model therefore suggest that team management, a major concern to production and employee, is the most effectiv e leadership approach. Situational or contingency leadership approach to business Even as behavioral model is likely to assist management in a business when it comes to development of a specific leadership behavior, little guidance is given in understanding the constituents of effective leadership in varying situations. Undeniably, most modern researchers conclusively agree that indeed there exists no one appropriate leadership style for every manager under all settings. Therefore, development of contingency models was aimed at indicating that the utilized style is dependent upon such aspects as the people, the situation, and business among other surrounding variables. In contingency approach, it is understood that there hardly exists one specific approach through which managers can be able to lead. As a result of situations, varying leadership requirements are likely to be created for a leader. For this leadership situation, the solution is dependent on the factors affecting th e situation. For instance, in a high routine environment characterized with repetitive tasks, a comparatively directive management approach it likely to yield best results. However, a more participative approach will be required in a dynamic environment. Building a successful business According to Howard (2006)15, business performance is perceived to be a multifaceted construct incorporating customer, operational, and financial oriented performance domains. The non-financial measures are inherent in Howard study. This performance measurement approach is incorporated as a result of limitation connected with small businesses financial data measurement. The satisfaction of the owners through performance of business is perceived to be one significant success indicators. Small business success is defined as performance level equal to or exceeding the firms owner expectations. The indicators that have mainly been employed in performance measurement are: profitability, annual earnings, and return on investments. Standards of a small business The small business standards have been developed by Chartered Quality Institute (CQI) (2007) in collaboration with the management consultants. This is a business model that is perceived to be important for managers targeting continuous growth in their business. Designing of the small business standards is aimed to be utilized in various investments that include small and medium size businesses, and micro businesses (CQI 2007). In the places where â€Å"management† term is utilized to imply micro business, it is likely to imply the â€Å"proprietor.† In the standard business model, there are nine main sections: (1) Customer care; (2) Business reviews; (3) Employees and staff; (4) management responsibility; (5) suppliers; (6) processes and work environment; (7) Correction and prevention of services complications; (8) Records; and (9) Documentation. While the standard is mainly perceived to be simplistic in com parison to the 5P’s model and Strategic management model, it incorporates numerous small business management key ingredients. Therefore for small businesses, it is likely to be a good starting point as the business moves towards management and improvement of its organization (CQI, 2007)16. In relation to the small businesses standards application, one British Standards Institute website has observed that it is possible for real business standards to be achieved by small scale businesses. If this approach is well utilized, it hence has a high likelihood of resulting in: (1) elimination of inefficiencies witnessed when it comes to allocation of already limited resources; (2) improvement of marketing speed and risk reduction; and (3) enhancement of an effective competition with bigger businesses (British Standards Institute 2007)17. From the general leadership perspective, it is apparent that indeed success or failure in results production will mainly depend on leadersâ€⠄¢ character. For these leaders to be viewed as effective, they have to be viewed as essential for the business success. However, the achievement of organizational success will not depend on adoption of similar leadership styles in all organizations. Nonetheless, these leaders will have an influential role on how the organizational goals are to be achieved by the employees in the organization. For this to be enhanced, small business leaders will require advanced understanding of the leadership styles to portray progress and development in achievement of organizational objectives and goals. With small business research, these leaders will be provided with understanding of leadership activities that are necessary for specific position if achievement of organizational objectives and goals is to be enhanced. These businesses will hence have to establish working environment for their business; this will be enhanced through leadership style. For organizational effectiveness, leadership wi ll obviously have an important role. If employee empowerment will not be fulfilled in these organizations, there will be a high likelihood of employee dissatisfaction that will undeniably divert from achievement of organizational objectives and goals. Therefore, if a healthy working environment has to be maintained in these businesses, leadership should play an integral role. Conclusion The theoretical underpinnings evaluated in this article clearly demonstrate need for robust leadership existence in any small business. The failure of these businesses is indeed due to failure to adopt the necessary and fundamental requisites of a successful organization; effective leadership and management skills. This essay is very relevant; for instance in the current economic conditions that desperately require an influential intervention. Leadership hence should be trailed towards ensuring employee satisfaction and effectiveness as a way through organizational success and profitability will be enhanced. Consequently, robust leadership will eventually affect the success and profitability of small business. The way through which this will be enhanced is through incorporation of leadership and management theories analyzed in this essay. These leadership and management hence need to be employee motivation towards adaptation of organizational vision and mission. References 1(Luthans, Luthans, Hodgetts, & Luthans 2001) 2(Shaw & Shapiro 2002) 3(Kouzes & Posner 2007) 4(Chemers, 2002) 5(Howard, 2006) 6(Kuratko, 2007) 7 Beaver (2003) and Perry (2001) 8(Beaver 2003) 9 Kouzes and Posner (2007) 10 Schermerhorn (2005) 11 Pryor et al. (2007) 12 White, and Pryor (1998) 13 Robbins and Coulter (2003) 14 established by Pryor (1998) 15 According to Howard (2006) 16(CQI, 2007) 17 (British Standards Institute 2007)

ASSESSMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ASSESSMENT - Essay Example Non-conventional types of dividend payments, particularly share repurchases are in most cases used currently, and therefore, the dividend decision is much more multifaceted and complex than it was in the past. In addition, there are more significant types of shareholders who should be satisfied today-particularly institutional investors-while managers once merely have to satisfy individual stockholders. Therefore, n increase in the dividend payout is taken to be good news. The company is showing that it not only has positive cash flows, however these cash flows are rising sufficiently to validate an elevated payout to shareholders. The company â€Å"proves† its cash flow by paying out some of that cash to its shareholders. This means that higher dividends might indicate lasting greater earnings for the company. How this argument has been contradicted that the dividend policy is irrelevant. It is for this reason that this paper will examine on the fact that company's dividend p olicy is irrelevant to its market value. ... i-Miller (M&M) theorem, (Irrelevancy Theory) (1961) forwarded by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller, influences the base for modern view on capital structure, although it is usually perceived as merely scholarly because it presumes away numerous significant elements in the capital structure decision. The theorem argues that, in a perfect market, the value of a firm is irrelevant to how that firm is funded. This outcome offers a basis used to study real global reasons why capital structure is appropriate. These other reasons comprise agency costs, bankruptcy costs, information asymmetry, taxes among others. The theorem has been used to show that dividend is irrelevant to firm’s market share. Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani (MM) under their theory argued that in perfect financial markets (no transactions costs certainty, no taxes, or other market imperfections), the value of a company is impacted by the allotment of dividends. They claim that company’s value is mainl y driven the prospective income and risk of its investments, therefore, maintaining income or paying them to the shareholders in dividends does not affects its value (Grullon et al 2002). MM through its theory indicated that provided the company is attaining the returns anticipated by the market, it does not matter whether the returns is directed to the stockholder as individuals currently, or reinvested. They would perceive it in terms of dividend or price appreciation. Therefore, in this case the shareholder can develop their individual dividend through selling the stock when they need cash (Lie 2000). They qualified their argument through this calculation: V t = 1/1+rt[Dt+Vt+1-m t+1P t+1] Where rt = Discount rate Dt = Total Dividends Paid V t+1 = Firm Value @ t+1 = ntP t+1 M t+1P t+1 = Amount

Tomb of Itimad Al-Dawla Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Tomb of Itimad Al-Dawla - Research Paper Example The top was built in the seventeenth century. Generally, the tomb is regarded as being representative of the period of transition in Mughal architecture (Sagar, 1992). It combines the architectural designs of the first phase of this architecture and the second phase. The elements of transition are always witnessed in the use of red sandstones while the second phase was effectively realized with white marble. Generally, this tomb represents all the artistic and architectural elements of seventeenth century Indian-Islamic architecture that combined influences from a range of other civilizations that had brought strong impacts on India’s cultural life. The tomb of Itimad ut Daulah is widely regarded as having set the trends that would later define the progress and development of Indian architecture. In essence, it was assumed that some of the influences that brought together the elements of art would be captured in the expression of art as a representation of both religion and cu lture. Preceding works of architecture took up the skills and designs of this tomb and evolved them in ways that were symptomatic of the transition of architectural works (Chandra, 2003). It is on this ground that the tomb is regarded as having set the pace for the Taj Mahal. Marble was mainly used to emphasize on the aesthetic value of the structure. The architecture was largely made to capture the aspect of nature as it fitted within the concept of architectural beauty. The tomb of Itimad ut Daulah was designed with numerous outbuildings and features a range of gardens all around it. Ultimately, the design was made to mirror certain aspects of beauty as represented within the cultural values and aesthetics of Indian and Islam. The tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah is located close to a river known as Yamuna. The proximity to the river was meant to enhance the aesthetical elements of the tomb, particularly from the natural aspect of beauty. Merging architecture with nature was one of the ha llmarks that defined the quality of the seventeenth century Indian architecture. The magnificence and size of the tomb are brought out in ways that offer strong hints of affluence and power. In some way, these qualities might be used to offer glimpses into the extent of the economic power of the Indian state as it reflected in the seventeenth century. In essence, some of the issues that attend to the aspect of power might be understood in terms of the manner in which the material aspects of the culture and economic life are represented. It is also possible to tell much about the socio-cultural, political, and cultural life by observing some of the symbols that feature in the marble decorations. For instance, images of wine bottles and vases of bouquets feature prominently among the decorations. Such images are important signs that bring out the society represented as one the cherished high values and some kind of good and ostentatious lifestyles. In essence, the tomb could be regard ed as some kind of a giant symbol or signifier that illustrates the totality of life as lived through the economic, political, and cultural front. The determination of these forces might be considered as one of the most manifest signs

Writing a Legal Opinion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing a Legal Opinion - Essay Example Learning of this decision, school officials responded by implementing a ban on the wearing of black armbands. Students wearing the armband would be asked to remove them and should they refuse to do so, they would be suspended. Two Tinker siblings and another student (Petitioners) wore black armbands and upon being asked to remove them, refused and were subsequently suspended. The three students filed a complaint against the Des Moines Independent Community School District (Respondent) in a Federal court claiming violation of their First Amendment Right to Free expression. That suit failed and the petitioners eventually appealed to the US Supreme Court. The petitioners invoked the First Amendment to the US Constitution which essentially protects freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of peaceful assembly and the right to â€Å"petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (US Constitution, First Amendment). The main question in the Tinker Case was therefore whet her or not the wearing of an armband constituted speech and if so, whether or not banning the wearing of armbands amounted to a violation of free expression/speech pursuant to the First Amendment of the US Constitution. The petitioners argued that wearing armbands was a protected First Amendment right in that it constituted expression of an opinion.

HP Case Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HP Case Paper - Essay Example HP also laid emphasis on differentiation, constant change, and creating a brand family, as well as offering additional services and accessories. For price, HP has introduced a wide range of competitive pricing based on the differentiation of products. This has seen an increased margin for retailers and wholesalers through the bundling of accessories and services (Kotler 394). For the promotion element of the marketing mix, HP, over the years, has focused more on the creation of a brand identity on the company and products. Thus, they changed their strategy to pull based from push based, with greater spending implemented on sales promotion and advertising (Kotler 391). Finally, for the place element, HP has begun to offer better terms of payment, as well as bigger quantity on discounts for the dealers. Because of the improved relationship with the dealers, HP has increased its number of full time retailers to 750 from 350, as well as stocking additional 1050 dealers for a portion of t heir line. Discuss two concepts covered in the chapter that best relate to this case and how? Social marketing is the adoption and adaptation of processes, institutions and commercial marketing activities as a way to induce behavioral change among the target market on a permanent or temporary basis in order to achieve its social goal (Kotler 395). It involves the induction of an approach of leadership, which involves deliberate use of persuasion and influence to move the target market to a course of action that is more specific. For the social marketing concept, the company should consider the long-term interests of the society and consider the needs and wants of the customers. HP has given its commitment aimed at drastically cutting down their impact on the environment. HP has managed the impact of its energy needs via the calculation of GHG emissions, which their daily operations produce through their use of electricity and by their daily operations. The selling concept is the not ion that the customer will not buy something automatically but, rather, it needs to be sold to them (Kotler 396). This means that a persuasive sales assistant or advert that tells the customer of the ways the product will alter their lives, which could make them buy a product that they do not desire. The consumer will not purchase enough products from the organization until they undertake promotional selling. Consumers are inert and require goading to buy through conversion of their inert need to a purchasing motive via selling and persuasive action. Hp understands the wants and needs of the customer and, therefore, customers will not purchase their products unless they are promoted and sold. Hence, HP has placed increased focus on the creation of sales transactions by conducting regular promotions, which are aimed at attracting customers, as well as increasing the truncation of sales. Which of the sales force structures described in the text best describes HP’s structure? HP utilizes a separated consumer sales force as its sales force structure. In decentralized organizations, field sales managers carry out the everyday operations of the organization, as well as shouldering responsibility for their sales staff performance (Kotler 392). The sales force also consists of a mixture of specialist generalist salespersons. However, the employees do not make all of the company’s sales; the company’s sales force structure utilizes home-based telemarketers. They also have independent sales agents on contract who conduct their sales in particular geographic areas. What are the positive and negative aspects of HP’s new sales force struc

Communications Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Communications Technology - Essay Example No way was I going to pedal over some of those hills though: o Lucky for me the bus drivers were happy to put my bike on a carrier on the front of the bus and drive me to a destination where I could pedal around exploring. Beautiful country...too bad about the tourism dollars going out of the country - but that's another blogg in itself. In 2004 I spent three weeks in Palau for the 9th Pacific Arts Festival - that was awesome! So many cultures, so little time. I plan on traveling the Eastern Coastline of Australia in 2007 - the web pics are breathtaking, and I want to learn to scuba dive. I am also interested in robotics, and have built myself a little bot I've named Nox (yes I'm a Gater [Stargate fan]). I enjoy building things and I enjoy watching Nox learn things - like how to find his way through a maze (I made one out of cardboard) and how to find his way through my apartment (lots of trial and error and the occasional broken glass). At the moment I am building a little sister for Nox, her name is Major Carter (yep, Stargate again!). But trying to build around my studies can be difficult, as all I seem to do is study (_*) I became interested in communications technology at high school. I firmly believe it is necessary for humans to have effective communications: interpersonally, nationally and globally. I think it important also that each person be able to critically analyze and reflect on information that is communicated to us and that each person have access to information, so that we can make informed decisions, and so that institutions, corporations and individuals can be accountable for their actions. It helps that the CT industry is growing rapidly, as that means I more likely to obtain gainful employment - in a job I enjoy! Also, the dynamic nature of the internet will allow me to be innovative and expressive in a variety of ways that suit my character - color, FUN, interaction, connections with like minded individuals and businesses etc. At this point, web programming is a definite interest. I will be able to design sites for others, as well as develop my own about topics which are important to me. Due to current time constraints ; ) I can begin a soapbox from my blogg, for dissemination on an important CT topic: ethics!!! Ethics brings to mind for many people, including students, including myself - the word boringit conjures up images of dry, drab and complicated documents bound in dusty covers, sectioned away in the far corners of libraries. It is unfortunate that we, and I emphasize the collective "we", do not take more of an interest in our rights as citizens of this globe. For that is what ethics is - guidelines for maintaining our freedoms as a human being, our dignity, our privacy, and our accountability to the global community we are a part of. With a medium such as the internet ethics becomes further complicated and even more important - at least I think so. The internet is an unmediated communication environment. This very blogg that you read now has been created by a person whom you do not know, are likely never to meet, and who is going to say a great (and they will be great : ) many things about people, and government, and business - and maybe even you. How do you feel about that I know that for myself I have several netiquette concerns (etiquette for the www). As I write this blogg I feel a pressing need to abscond to the loo (sorry

Female Genital Mutilation in Africa Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Female Genital Mutilation in Africa - Article Example By definition a rite of passage is "a ritual associated with a crisis or a change of status (as marriage, illness, or death) for an individual" (Agnes, 1990, p. 1018). Although the excisions do not occur because of a crisis, they do, in fact, occur in preparation of a change of status, as in marriage, and the woman or young girl often takes on new roles after the operation is performed. Those operations that are performed on infants cannot by definition be considered a rite of passage since the change in status is not in the near future. Thus, FGM can be considered a rite of passage when it is performed in preparation for the new roles the girl will assume in her future marriage. Indeed, the ritualistic components of FGM are evidenced by the preparations that are made for the operation. Girls are often given new jewellery, clothing, and gifts as part of the operation. In some cases, a great feast will occur in celebration of the operation. From the definition, it can be concluded tha t FGM qualifies as a ritual. Another reason often cited for FGM is that it is a fertility rite. Saadwai (2002) comments that if FGM were intended to be a fertility rite, the excision would be partial and symbolic: However, in the Sudan, after the girls are circumcised, they are then washed in the Nile as a fertility offering to the god of the Nile. There certainly are many aspects of FGM that make the connection with fertility rites a plausible one (Lowenstein, 1978; Salama, 1980; Saadawi, 2002). Sociologists and anthropologists have tended towards concurrence with the perception of FGM as a traditional ritual and rite of passage. Campbell (2006), most noted for his work on male circumcision, maintains that FGM is a direct offshoot of male circumcision rites among the ancient totemistic hunting groups. In these societies, there is an abundance of large game which led to the development of the art of hunting. Emphasis in the social structure was placed on the men as they were the providers. Wile the rite of circumcision in these societies reflected "a bias in favour of the males and therewith an emphasis on the sexual aspect of the rites and particularly on circumcision," female circumcision evolved in complementarily to the male fertility dimension of this practice. (Campell, 2006, 320). Some sociologists have argued an alternative theory, suggesting that FGM is an outcome of the desire of some primitive societies to control female sexuality and, thereby, ensure the paternity of children (Morris, 2003). This argument is inextricably linked to the mother's premarital chastity and fidelity during marriage, not the father's per se. This line of thinking can be taken to its logical conclusion: perform a physical operation to keep the woman from having sexual relations outside of marriage. This will be viewed as necessary for societies that see the constraint of female sexuality as the necessary condition for continued propagation of the human race (Sanderson, 2001; Morris,

Benefits of Enlisting in the Armed Forces Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Enlisting in the Armed Forces Essay Introduction A scrutiny of the history of mankind, down the ages covering a period of 4000 years beginning from 3500BC till today indicates that in almost all the cases, the course of events have been dictated by the military prowess and the consequent superiority of one of the contenders. The fact continues to hold true even today, in this age of modernization when the emphasis is on economic power and political stability. The vital aspect of safeguarding these national interests is dependent upon one crucial factor: ‘Armed Forces’. A career in the Armed Forces may be considered to be one of the oldest professions in the history of mankind (the other being prostitution), and it may have an important role to play in safeguarding national interests, but it is also one of the most forgotten and maligned of career choices. For in times of peace and enduring prosperity, the general propensity of people is to look down upon this profession and all related aspects. It is considered to be the last refuge of scoundrels and the failed cases in society-definitely not a job to take if one has other options. But is this reputation really based on facts? Are conditions in the Armed Forces so bad today that it is anathema to even contemplate enlisting in the Armed Forces? Why do educational institutions and our society at large not promote the idea of their students/youngsters enlisting in the Armed Forces with a sense of pride and honor? Why does the present generation not consider enlisting in the Armed Forces as a worthwhile option? Critics (and there are many) point out that enlisting in the Armed Forces implies an unstated but real risk of life, separation from family for extended periods, frequent moves at short notices , poor work conditions and lower pay. This argument is taking a rather biased and short sighted view of the issue, and it does not do justice to either the interests of the country and the people whom the argument attempts to dissuade. Thesis Statement My endeavor during the course of this essay is to illustrate the benefits of enlisting in the Armed Forces. I am of the opinion that the benefits of enlisting outstrip the disadvantages by a wide margin and overall, it is just as good or better; an employment option as any that is available to the new generation. The scope of this thesis in terms of the people covered is holistic in nature: applicable to the entire scale of economic, racial, religious, gender and educational scale. Social Benefits During the ancient times, people enlisted for monetary and other purposes with the sole aim of garnering the spoils of war by way of loot, women, slaves and resources of the vanquished. At various stages in history, it has been repeatedly proved that other concerns like race, national pride and religion have also been a major motivating factor. The last known war entirely based on religious affinities terminated with the victory of the Crusaders over the Jihadis in 1453 A. D. at Constantinople (Turkey). Upward Social Mobility Enlisting in the Armed Forces opens up a whole new world of opportunities for a person irrespective of whether he joins as an officer or as a GI/soldier. This immediately catapults him from his humble origins to a society much more privileged, acknowledged and recognized as one. The change in social status leads to a subtle refinement in the person, his family and his circle of associates. Consequently, it brings about a change in the perception and quality of life for him as his options in everyday life are less weighed down by the mundane issues that he would have been otherwise negotiating. Culture Culturally, there is a huge leap due to the extensive interaction with people from diverse backgrounds and states. This introduces him to the positive and the negative aspects of life in other cultures both within and outside the country. Presuming that the individual has the sense of purpose and ability to discriminate between good and bad (with few exceptions, most posses this quality in abundance), this exposure introduces in him a better understanding of customs and awareness of other cultures. He can then subconsciously or by design incorporate the good aspects in to his way of life, thereby becoming a better citizen and an effective soldier. It must be appreciated that a person hailing from a remote, under-developed and relatively backward area has a proportionately less chance of making it big in the world. With time, he settles down to a job in the same place or at best moves within his state or county for a steady but not necessarily well paid job. It may not lead to much, but it provides him with basic economic security. Personality Development The tough training, regimental life and high emphasis on discipline permeates the very core and essence of the individual and transforms him from a happy go-lucky, take life as it comes type of youngster into a conscientious, well mannered and disciplined citizen of the future. He is now capable of looking after his own interests in life and takes the decisions best suited to his requirements and a secure future. The training imparts to his personality a combined sense of discipline, mental robustness, endurance and physical sturdiness which is generally lacking in other competitors his age and experience in life. The training and culture within the Armed Forces lays a great deal of emphasis on development of moral values and personal integrity. This development of acquired skills leads to a multi-faceted and versatile individual who would be an asset to any organization he joins. The refined mannerism, positive attitude and basic skills make him an automatic candidate of choice for prospective employers in the future. Pride, Prestige, Honor and Duty In the prevailing national environment, it has been the experience that the prospects of enlisting in the armed Forces are not considered to be a worthwhile option. Whatever be the reason, it must also be emphasized that in the rural countryside and deep interiors of the country, there still exist communities and villages which take great pride in sending their young ones to the Armed Forces. Then there exist certain demographic and regional specific patterns wherein the propensity towards enlisting in the Armed Forces is higher (Mavor 41-3) It is taken as a matter of pride and prestige by both: the family of the individual and the individual himself; as an act of repaying the nation for all it has bestowed them with and also as a matter of tradition. But the idea is a non starter and gradually starts loosing steam as we progress from the rural courtsides and deep interiors towards the cities and the power centers. Purely from a moral ground, it should be the duty of each citizen to do his time in the Armed Forces and contribute to the national effort. After all if democracy bestows certain unquestioned rights, then it also imposes certain unstated obligations. It must be kept in mind that, ‘there is no such thing as a free lunch’. Similarly, it is inappropriate to assume that one can proceed to enjoy the benefits of democracy for free without bothering to fulfill our own obligations to the nation. Every right has a corresponding duty and this is no exception; we cannot leave the nation’s requirement of manpower to just the people from the interiors, highlands and the so called lower classes alone. This burden has to be shared by all of us who swear by democracy and the nation. Economic Benefits When speaking about the Armed Forces, the general refrain is that it is not a well paying job, and that the connected hardships of separation from family for extended periods, the frequent moves on duty at short notice, and the attendant risks to life and health is not worth it. In the subsequent paragraphs, I will examine the merits and demerits of this presumption on a factual basis. Job Security What would be the prospects of a person in his native hometown of landing a job consistent to his qualification? What are the chances that he retains his job in the event of some constraining circumstances either to the person or to the employer? The answers to these questions are obvious. Whereas, in the case of the person employed in the Armed Forces, there is an assured degree of job security that is unmatched in any other form of employment. The individual has to do something really drastic or be highly incompetent to be considered unfit for retention. The chances of retrenchment are virtually non-existent. On The Job Training(OJT) Until the end of World War II, the aspect of enlisting was more or less considered as the beginning of the military career. However, with the modernization of weapons and delivery systems, the process of refining the enlisted personnel in to a trained and efficient operator has to be taken up in earnest and hence the need of putting the person through rigorous specialized training schedule(Buck 204-6). The Armed Forces provide training relevant to the aspect of specialization specific to the individual’s branch before formal induction in to the respective arm or service. There are approximately 360 specialist jobs in the US Army alone of which 20% have similar jobs in the civilian world in departments related to communication, IT, software and allied services (Goldberg 59-60). Upon reporting to the parent unit, the individual undergoes further training at the concerned facilities for a period depending upon the requirement of the job and the laid down parameters. This is to say that depending upon the arm which the individual opts for; the training on the specialist equipment, weapons and other systems are guaranteed. The stipend during this period is paid for by the government. It implies that the individual is undergoing training and at the same time also making up his experience profile simultaneously; and he is being paid for it.! How many other jobs can boast of this facility? Job related risks It is often stated that the attendant risk and hardships of a career in the Armed Forces is a negative factor influencing the new generation from enlisting. It can be argued that the so called hardships are not a way of life and depend entirely upon the number of conflicts and skirmishes the country is involved in. Again, how many other jobs do not involve frequent moves at short notices? The aspect of living out of suitcases is generally well described in all forms of literature and media, hence need not be repeated. Needless to say frequent moves and separation from family is a factor that is true for most other forms of employment. The only difference is in the period, which again is taken care of by the system of rotation of troops that is strictly adhered to by the Defence Forces. As regards physical injuries and risk of death, it is a professional hazard and needs to be taken on its merit and statistical figures. The ratio of casualty sustained in comparison to the number of personnel inducted into the combat zone is very low, especially in the case of the developed countries like the USA, UK, France and other European countries. This is so, due to overwhelming superiority of these countries over the adversary in terms of sophistication and capability levels of weapon systems, logistics, and ensuring of an adequate stand–off distance during delivery of tactical executions of strategic plans. Besides, the other major factor influencing Government decision making is level of intolerance by the media and the country to higher casualties of own nationals. This attitude is in stark contrast to the disdain that the average citizen professes on the issue of enlistment in peace time. What I am implying here is that the possibility of being injured or killed in the war zone is not as high as is being made out to be. It is just a professional hazard which hypothetically states the possibility, but does in no way categorically confirm the same. Fatal casualty/Grevious Injury Having deliberated on the aspect of the very low probability of grievous injury and death, let us presume the case wherein either of these possibility does indeed take place. In that case, the government looks after the individual depending upon the nature of his injury, makes efforts to ensure his rehabilitation and employment in another form of work. In the event of death in action, the full range of military honors and government provisions are laid out to the individual and his family. This is only to state that the individual is not a forgotten chapter in case he is rendered invalid for active service or in case of fatal casualty. Perks and Privileges Every nation bestows upon the personnel of its armed forces a wide range of facilities and privileges which would otherwise adversely impact the monetary status of the individual. The facilities and privileges are not sacrosanct and every nation follows a different yardstick to determine what it gives its personnel, e. g. free Medicare facilities given to the personnel and also extended to their families, accommodation at subsidized rates etc. Now if these perks and privileges extended by the government were to be quantified in terms of costs, it would work out to a high figure, when added to what the individual already earns, amounts to a fat salary bill (Ostrow 219). The idea I am trying to highlight is that the privileges which are not considered while describing the low pay also need to be included just to put things in their proper perspective. And I have deliberately avoided discussing the various allowances which every nation provides its armed forces personnel in recognition of the hardships and limitations endured by them during times of operational deployment and commitments. The allowances by themselves amount to a substantial part of the remunerations and are by and large a realistic reflection of the hardships endured. Pensioner Benefits The armed forces have a stipulated period of service for their personnel, and this duration varies from country to country and within the forces: from arm to arm and service to service (Roza 10-11). However, the bottom line is that the personnel are free to leave active service and proceed home with all pensioner benefits as laid down by the Government. If the individual is smart and has planned his moves well in advance, he can join a new employment which means he has effectively two incomes to go by. It lends him a strong base for procuring home loans and enterprise related loans from banks as his degree of financial security is considerably higher than that of the average citizen. The pensioner benefits also entitle him to medical and other related facilities which result in considerable savings to the overall financial planning and outlay of the individual. Educational Benefits A sound education is defined as the basic foundation upon which rests the edifice of a person’s career. Very often, and in most cases, the inclination, interest, and urge to undergo formal education from a standard university or college exists in individuals. However, there is a large gap in the ability of the existing education system to provide to the needs of each aspiring student due to various factors. Government education institutes in most democracies have an unstated but existing drawback on the quality of education they provide. Quality education in a democracy comes at a price, which not everyone can afford. This leaves a large number of potential aspirants without quality education. However, by enlisting in the Armed Forces, this drawback is also addressed. The Armed Forces offer specialist training in a wide range of professionally oriented courses and degrees with a view to produce qualified and expert specialist in their respective sphere of tasks. Apart from this, the government provides for the service personnel opportunities to enhance their education skills before, during and after enlistment. The Montgomery GI Bill and Tuition Assistance Programme are a case in point(Asch 57). Enlisting for the armed forces thus gives the individual the opportunity to complete a degree or an education that he could otherwise not have achieved (Paradis 106). Infact the consequent experience that the individual gains (mostly under pressures of time and combat) puts him in an advantageous position when looking for a job elsewhere upon termination of his contract with the Armed Forces. Counter Claims Critics of the proposal for enlisting into the Armed Forces cite the attendant risk to life, possible injuries, extended periods of separation and comparatively lower pay packages as the principle reasons to avoid the Armed Forces. This reasoning has been discussed by me during the course of the essay and I have proved that on the surface, these points are apparently valid. However, they do not measure up to an unbiased and impartial scrutiny based on facts and statistics. Conclusion To conclude, it is again reiterated that the proposal of enlisting in the armed forces is highly beneficial to a large section of the society and country. The stated disadvantages regarding enlisting; and the advantages I have highlighted need to be weighed against each other. It would be inappropriate to come to a conclusion that affects the lives and careers of a large number of people just because we think that a particular line of thought is correct. It is more important and relevant to analyze the issue based on facts and arrive at the correct conclusion, before propagating it as a statement of fact. Work Cited Asch Beth J. â€Å"Contextual Information on Recruiting† â€Å"Military Recruiting and Retention After the Fiscal Year : Military Pay Legislation† Ed. Asch Beth A, et al Rand Corporation(2002) 57 Buck Peter â€Å"Adjusting to military Life: The Social Sciences Go to War† â€Å"Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on the American Experience† Ed. Smith Merritt Roe MIT Press (1985) 204-6. â€Å"Hearings on National Defense Authorization ACT for Fiscal Year 2003H. R. 4546 and Oversight of By United States Congress†. House Committee on Armed Services. Subcommittee on Military Personnel Summary The Supt. Of Docs. , U. S. G. P. O. (2003) 75-7 Goldberg Jan â€Å"Careers for Patriotic Types Others Who Want To Serve Their Country† McGraw-Hill Professional(1999) 59-60 Jerome Johnston, Jerald G. Bachman â€Å"Young Men and Military Service† Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan (1972) 195 Mavor Anne S. et al, â€Å"Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of American Youth: Implications for Military Recruiting† National Academies Press (2003) 41-3 Ostrow Scott A. â€Å"Guide to Joining the Military â€Å"Thomson Petersons (2004) 219 Paradis Adrian A. ; â€Å"Opportunities in Military Careers† McGraw-Hill Professional (1999) 106. Rand Corporation â€Å"The Rand Paper Series† Rand Corp (1946) Roza Greg â€Å"Choosing a Career in the Military† The Rosen PublishingGroup Careers / Jobs (2001)10.

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Achievement

Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Achievement Present study was conducted to find out the relationship between emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement in A level students. A sample of 50 students in which 25 girls and 25 boys, age ranged from 16 to 20 years were taken from 3 schools. They completed two questionnaire Life Orientation Test-Revised and Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test. And Academic Achievement was measured through grades of the students from their school record. Pearson correlation and t-test was applied on data that revealed 1) highly significant relationship between emotional intelligence, optimism and academic achievement. 2) There is no significant gender difference on the scales of Life Orientation Test-Revised and Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test. Findings showed that there is a positive relationship of emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement thus it is important for the parents and the teachers to make the children learn to be optimist ic and learn to control and manage their emotions as well. Introduction This research aims to find the relation of emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement among students of (A levels) higher secondary school. Academic achievement only did not depict that the student is emotionally intelligent or optimistic and can do well in all phases of life. Traditionally an individuals smartness is measured in terms of his or her IQ, it is assumed that professionals and experts have high IQ, however IQ serves as only the index of numerical and analytical ability, it has little or no significance with success in professional and personal life because according to Goleman (1995) IQ alone is no more the measure for success; emotional intelligence, social intelligence, and luck also play a big role in a persons success, it is the Emotional Intelligence which turns the human being into a successful and prosperous because they knew their emotions and can identify others as well and able to manipulate them or control them in better way and if the person is optimistic then his/her optimistic thinking and emotional intelligence will definitely escorts him/her to successful life, accordingly this research aspires to stumble on the relation of emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement. Emotional intelligence (EI) can be defined as; it is being able to monitor our own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this to guide our thinking and actions (Salovey Mayer, 1990). The attribute of EI is essentially comprised of four basic components; the ability to recognize and express emotion; being able to access and utilize emotions to enable thought; the ability to understand emotions; and to manage emotions. The emotionally intelligent person is skilled in four areas: identifying, using, understanding and regulating emotions (Salovey Mayer, 1993). Then it can be said that success depends on several intelligences and on the control of emotions. John Mayer and Peter Salovey (1990) found that some people were better than others at things like identifying their own feelings, identifying the feelings of others, and solving problems involving emotional issues. According to them EI is a true form of intelligence which has not been scientifically measured. They proposed that emotional intelligence deals with the emotions in a way that if someone is emotionally intelligent he/she will be better able to manage his/her emotions and integrate them. According to Cooper and Sawaf (1997), emotional intelligence is the ability to logically manage the emotions, understands and to applies these controlled and managed emotions to connect and influence. These authors lay more emphasis on the application part of EI in organizations. In simple words emotional intelligence is using your emotions intelligently. The first step to this would be recognizing and understanding your emotions. For example, if your boss screams at you in office today because you came in late, coming home and screaming at your kids would not be the best thing to do. It will just keep the negative feeling floating from one persons head to another. An emotionally intelligent person in this situation would first recognize that he is angry because his boss yelled at him. Dr. Goleman (1999) asserts that awareness of our feelings also enables us to perceive the feelings of others accurately -to be empathetic, to feel with another person. In this case, understanding that your boss yelled because you came late, will make you realize that being on time will make things better. Thus, dealing with our emotions rationally and intelligently will make events better. When psychologists began to write and think about intelligence, they focused on cognitive aspects, such as memory and problem-solving. (Cherniss, 2000). However, there were researchers who recognized early on that the non-cognitive aspects were also important. For instance, David Wechsler defined intelligence as the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment (Wechsler, 1958) as cited in (Cherniss, 2000). Wechsler referred to non-intellectiveËœ as well as intellectiveËœ by which he meant affective, personal, and social factors. Wechsler was not the only researcher who saw non-cognitive aspects of intelligence to be important for adaptation and success. Robert Thorndike as cited in (Cherniss, 2000), to take another example, was writing about social intelligenceËœ in the late thirties (Thorndike Stein, 1937). Unfortunately, the work of these early pioneers was largely forg otten or overlooked until 1983 when Howard Gardner as cited in (Cherniss, 2000), began to write about multiple intelligence. Gardner (1983) proposed that intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences are as important as the type of intelligence typically measured by IQ. Academic achievement is the ability to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information, effectively communicate with others, proficient in science, mathematics, computer/technical skills, foreign languages, as well as history, geography, and global awareness, capable of collaboratively working in culturally diverse settings, leaders who see projects through to completion, responsible decision makers who are self-motivated and active political participants and ethical individuals who are committed to their families, communities, and colleagues (Nidds McGerald, 1996). The relationship of emotional intelligence and academic achievement can be depicted from this study conducted by Elias, M. J., Gara, M., Schuyler, T., Brandon-Muller, L. R., Sayette, M. A (1991) that the teaching emotional and social skills is very important at school, it can affect academic achievement positively not only during the year they are taught, but during the years that follow as well. Teaching these skills has a long-term effect on achievement. Emotional intelligence effects the academic achievement in positive ways and it remains with the individual by the end of life. The emotions, feelings, and values are vital for a persons well being and achievement in life (Ediger, 1997). Quality emotions and feelings help students give their best potential in the classroom. The students who are aversive and think negatively cannot concentrate for a long time and have more difficulty in reaching their potential than others. Abdullah, Maria., Chong., Elias, Habibah., Mahyuddin., Rahil., Uli., Jegak (2004) conducted research to examine students overall level of EQ. Research findings indicate that there is positive relationship between EQ and academic achievement. The students positive relationship with academic achievement indicated that if the student performed better on his/her academics then he/she will be emotionally intelligent too. And the other finding of this study is the students have negative relationship of EQ with the negative affect (anger, frustration and anxiety) which showed that the students with high EQ have low negative affect or negative relationship with negative affect (anger, frustration and anxiety). Natalio. E. A., Durà ¡n, L. R (2006) examined the relationships between perceived emotional intelligence (PEI), dispositional optimism/pessimism and psychological adjustment (perceived stress and life satisfaction. Findings confirmed that emotional clarity and mood repair are significant in predicting perceived stress and life satisfaction after the influence of optimism/pessimism were controlled. Thus this research predicted that adolescents with high perceptions of emotional abilities (in particular, high clarity and repair) generally show higher life satisfaction and lower perceived stress. Moreover, to some degree, this effect might be considered as independent from their own optimistic or pessimistic dispositions. James, D. A., Parker, R. E., Creque, D. L., Barnhart, J. I., Harris, S. A., Majeski, L. M. (2004) found the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement in high school Trent university Peterborough. Variables were compared in (highly successful students, moderately successful, and less successful based on grade-point-average for the year), academic success was strongly associated with several dimensions of emotional intelligence. Considering that EI can be a potential determinant of achievement in working life, thus the study aims to determine if there is any significant difference in EI of the local and foreign students, if the emotional intelligence effect the academic achievement and it also differs in local and foreign students. This study reveals that people be evaluated on their own merit of emotional intelligence rather their academic success (James Irene, 2003). Empirical research has produced evidence suggesting that the ability to assess, regulate and utilize emotions (i.e. emotional intelligence) is important to the performance of workers, study reveals that the potential for enhanced emotional capabilities could be improved and there is strong relationship of emotional intelligence and academic achievement (Jaeger, 2003). The Oxford Dictionary of English defines optimism as hopefulness and confidence about the future or the success of something. Optimism is a state where people believe that there are more chances of things going well and good, rather than their going bad. According to Seligman (1991) optimism is: Changing the destructive things you say to yourself when you experience the setbacks that life deals us, is the central skill of optimism. Optimism can also be defined as the tendency to believe that one will generally experience good versus bad outcomes in life (Scheier Carver, 1987). It is the mental state wherein people believe that things are more likely to go well for them than go badly, it is always expecting good for the future and having faith on ones ownself. Seligman (1991) views that optimism is a belief that the actions of individual matters. Optimism is an explanatory style, and individual with this style or optimistic individuals 1) see that the causes of good events in life are permanent (e.g., due to their abilities, their traits and their genes etc.) and bad events have their causes as temporarily, (2) they generalized good events instead of bad ones, (3) dont blame themselves for bad events instead see that good events are because of them (Gatz, 1998). The main advantages of optimism may be found in increasing persistence and commitment during the phase of action toward a chosen goal, and in improving the ability to tolerate uncontrollable suffering. References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase Optimism is another emotional competence that leads to increased productivity. Optimistic individuals when have confidence on themselves and have good expectations and hope, it will increase the performance in better way, optimistic individuals can better deals with life stressors, when these stressors could not effect their good performance the productivity or achievement in any phase of life will increase. (Seligman, 1990). On the whole, research on optimism indicates that a positive orientation toward life leads to managing difficult situations with less subjective stress and less negative impact on physical well-being. Optimists generally accept reality more readily and try to take active and constructive steps to solve their problems, whereas pessimists are more likely to engage in escape and tend to give up in their efforts to achieve goals (Scheier Carver, 1992). Another debate regarding optimism is that whether it can or cannot be learned. Several researches show that optimism is a way of thinking that can be learned. Seligman (1991), in his book, Learned Optimism told that optimism can be learned. Researches support the theory that being optimistic has many benefits, and that being pessimistic has many costs, on a persons overall quality of life (McCambridge, Strang, Butler, Keaney, Anderson, 2006). According to another study, optimism leads to better academic performance as optimistic individuals can better deal with the stressors and thus they give better results (Whipple, Gootman, 2001). In one study conducted on optimism it is noted that optimism and thinking are positively related with problem solving, optimistic person tackle situation in a better way and find out better solution (Schwarz, Tesser, 2001). In another study conducted by Merrell (2001) it is proved that an optimistic person can better cope with difficulties and is more flexible and durable in bad situations and hardships of life then a pessimistic person (Merrell, 2001). Research shows that optimist people can better deal with failure, firstly because they think of failure as something that can be changed and secondly they can manage stress and rise better from hardships (Whipple, Gootman, 2001). Page and Wayne (2007) found that academic optimism is a school characteristic that predicts student achievement even controlling for socioeconomic status. The study presented that positive psychology variables (hope, optimism, mindfulness) are stronger in high achieving students than in low achieving students. (Pajares, 2001). Nonis, A. S. Wright, D (2003) investigated that student performance has become an increasingly important topic in higher education, the study aimed to discover that to what extent student ability, achievement, striv1ing and situational optimism influence performance outcomes and to investigate the interactive effects of ability and achievement as well as situational optimism on student performance outcomes. In educational institutions, success is measured by academic performance, or how well a student meets standards set out by local government and the institution itself. In academic achievement students performance will be measured through grades of a year. Academic achievement is defined as the quality and quantity of a students work. The study aims to measure the academic achievement in terms of emotional intelligence and optimism, for this purpose the sample will be taken from the higher Secondary School students of A levels. A levels is considered the alternative qualification in Pakistan. Most common alternative qualification is the General Certificate of Education or GCE, where HSSC is replaced with Advanced Level or A Level respectively. GCE AS/A Level are managed by British examination boards of Cambridge Assessment or CIE of the company of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate or UCLES. Another British examination board that offers GCE AS/A Level is Edexcel of the company of Pearson PLC. However, CIE qualifications of GCE are much preferred option than those of Edexcel. These qualifications are coming to be more respected socially and in terms of job employment. In Pakistan the most of the students are in schools which are SCC or HSSC but for few years people who are stable financially prefe rred the alternative qualification system because there is a big difference in both school systems, from courses to extracurricular activities, even teaching style is different and most of the population of Pakistan belongs to the middle class so people cannot afford their children to be in O/A levels. Academic success is important because it is strongly linked to the positive outcomes value for children. Research shows that adults with high levels of education are more likely to be employed, and to earn higher salaries (National Center for Education Statistics, 2001; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1999). Newhouse Beegle (2005) evaluated the impact of school type on academic achievement of junior secondary school students in Indonesia. The findings are from Indonesia showed that private schools provide with children the best education and put more effort in the studies of children. In the present study sample is from the private (British school), emotional intelligence and optimism will be measured from the participants from these schools. Research also shows that people who are academically successful are more stable in their employment; more likely to have health insurance; are less dependent on public assistance; are less likely to engage in criminal activity; are more active as citizens and charitable volunteers; and are healthier (National Alliance of Business, 1998). Researchers have been challenged to go beyond socioeconomic status in the search for school level characteristics that make a difference in student achievement. The purpose of the study was to identify a new construct academic optimism that is having a positive attitude towards the academic achievement and towards education and then explain the student achievement while controlling socioeconomic status (Hoy et al, 2006). Rationale A level students are mostly at the age of adolescent which is the peak time to decide their career and personality development is completing and they are going through lots of emotional disturbances because there is a lot of studies pressure which can lead to depression and low self-esteem and sometimes resulted in suicide so the study will help to understand that being positive and emotionally intelligent students will be booming in academic achievement. It will provide the level of optimism in A level students that can help teachers and parents to develop optimism in their adolescents because optimism is not always inborn, it can b erudite as well. It will reveal the relationship of optimism, emotional intelligence and academic achievement to facilitate the students opt their line of business prospects, and career selection. A levels students are taken as a sample because of their more or less same socio economic status. Hypotheses The study hypothesized that: There is a positive correlation between emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement. The more higher the emotional intelligence and optimism the greater will be the academic achievement. Method Participants For the present study Purposive sampling technique was used for the sample selection, the sample consisted of the 45 girls and boys in equal number from the British schools (Cambridge board and Edexcel affiliated schools) of Rawalpindi. Data was collected from three schools including Froebels, Saint Marry and Roots School System. All the students of A Levels from these schools were taken as the sample and the age of participants ranged from 16-20 years. Inclusion Criteria All the adolescents age ranging from 16 22 years and students of A levels were the part of the study. New inductions or the students at least in school for more than one year were also included in the sample. Exclusion Criteria Adolescents with any disability (mental or physical) and below age 16 years or above 20 years were not included in the study. Instrument The protocol consists of the following: Data Demographic Sheet Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (Schutte, Malouff and Bhullar, 1998) Life Orientation Test ( Scheier, Carver and Bridges, 1994) Data Demographic Sheet Demographic data was collected in terms of age, gender, school, main subject, favourite Subject, extracurricular activities, birth order and personal evaluation for academic achievement. Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) (Schutte, Malouff and Bhullar, 1998) In the present study emotional intelligence was operationally defined in terms of scores on the Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test, where high scores indicate more characteristic of emotional intelligence and low scores indicate that the person is not much emotionally intelligent. Schutte self report emotional intelligence scale is a 33 item self report measure of emotional intelligence developed by Nicola S. Schutte, John M. Malouff and Navjot Bhullar in 1998. Schutte self report emotional intelligence scale (SSEIT) is based on Salovey and Mayers (1990) original model of emotional intelligence. This model comprised of four basic components; the ability to recognize and express emotion; being able to access and utilize emotions to enable thought; the ability to understand emotions; and to manage emotions. The most widely used subscales derived from the 33 item Assessing Emotion Scale are those based on four factors. Which were described as: perception of emotion, managing emotions in the self. Social skills or managing others emotions and d utilizing emotion. The items comprising the subscales based on these factors are: perception of emotion (items 5, 9, 15, 18, 19, 22, 25, 29, 32, 33), managing emotions in the self. Social skills or managing others emotions (items 2, 3, 10, 12, 14, 21, 23, 28, 31) and utilizing emotion (items 6, 7, 8, 17, 20, 27). All items are included in one of these subscales. Respondents rate themselves on the item using the five point scale. Respondents require average five minutes to complete the scale. Total scale score are calculated by reverse scoring item 5, 28 and 33, and then summing all items. Scores can range from 33 to 165, with higher scoring indicate more characteristic emotional intelligence. The items for the original Assessing Emotions Scale were in English (Schutte et al, 1998) and most studies utilizing the scale have used the English language version of the scale. In the present study the original English language version was used. Life Orientation Test (LOT) (Scheier, Carver and Bridges, 1994) In the present study Life Orientation Test is operationally defined in terms of Life Orientation Test where high scores indicate that there is more optimism and low scores indicate the pessimism. Life orientation test is the 10 item test developed by Michael F. Scheier, Charlse S. Carver and Michael W. Bridges in 1994. Respondents rate themselves on the item using the five point scale (1-5). Respondents require average five minutes to complete the scale. Total scale score are calculated by reverse scoring item 3, 7 and 9, and then summing all items. Scores can range from 10 to 50, with higher scoring indicate more optimism. In the present study the original English language version was used. Academic Achievement Academic achievement was measured through the grades of the participants of their last semester; all the schools included in the study had the same grading system of Cambridge System and Edexcel. The division of grades according to the percentages are given below: A* = Above 90% A = 80 89% B = 70 79% All the participants fall between these grades. No participant was below 70%. Procedure Data was collected from the British schools of Rawalpindi, three schools including Froebels, Saint Marry and Roots School System. For the purpose of collecting data consent was taken from the school authorities and the purpose of the study was explained to them (school administration). After getting their approval, reference letters were taken for their schools. Consent from participants was taken after explaining them about the nature and purpose of study. Pilot study was done in the school Froebels to check the reliability of both scales Schutte self report emotional intelligence scale (r = .72) and life orientation test (r = .67). Six students were included in the pilot study. After the pilot study the reliability obtained from questionnaires showed that the questionnaires are reliable then data collection process was started. Participants were taken from the British schools of Rawalpindi with the help of respected coordinator of A levels. Participants were given verbal instruction regarding questionnaires, and they were provided with two questionnaires (SSEIT, LOT-R and demographic sheet) and their questions about topic were answered. Average time taken by participants to fill the questionnaire was about 15 minutes. After the completion of the data collection the grades of the each participant of their last semester were taken from their school record with the permission of the school authorities. Data collection was completed in about 20 days. After data collection, data was entered in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 0.13) and analyzed the data i.e. frequencies, percentages, pearson correlation and t-test was applied on the data. Results Study was conducted to find out the relationship between emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement. A sample of 50 A level students (both girls and boys=25) were selected from 3 schools of Rawalpindi, and protocols were administered on them. Then the data collected was analyzed in SPSS. For this purpose Pearson correlation was used. And also to see whether there is any Gender difference regarding variables of optimism and emotional intelligence in the data independent sample t-test was applied. Table 1 Frequency and Percentage of demographic variable. (N = 50) Table shows frequency and percentage of participants according to demographic variables of age, gender school name and grades. Table 2 Frequency and percentage of demographic variables in terms of main subject, personal evaluation of grades and extracurricular activities. (N = 50) Table shows frequency and percentage of participants according to demographic variables of main subject, personal evaluation of grades and extracurricular activities. Table 3 Pearson Correlation between Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence (SSEIT) and Academic Achievement. Table shows person co-relation (two-tailed level) between optimism, emotional intelligence, academic achievement and sub scales of emotional intelligence (perception of emotion, managing emotion in self and utilizing emotion). Relationship between the optimism and academic achievement is significantly positive (r=.322*, pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ .05). Relationship between optimism and emotional intelligence is significant and positive (r=.367**, pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.01). Relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement is also positive and significant (r=.421**, pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.01). Table 4 Table shows that there is no significant difference in level of optimism in girls and boys. It showed that on average scores on life orientation scale (measuring optimism) have no considerable gender differences. Table 5 Table shows that there is no significant difference in level of optimism in girls and boys. It showed that on average scores on Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test (emotional intelligence) have no considerable gender differences. Table 6 Table shows that the students with A* grades 15(30%) were above average which indicates that the students are more optimistic than the students with B grade 1(2%) 0f average and (0%) of above average. A graders are only (8%) above average, which means more optimistic students perform well in academics. Table 7 Table shows that the students with A* grades 17(34%) were above average which indicates that the students are more emotionally intelligent than the students with B grade 1(2%) 0f average and (0%) of above average. A graders are only 6(12%) above average, which means more emotionally intelligent students perform well in academics. Discussion The present study examined relationship of emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement in A level students. Main objectives of the study were to find out the relationship of emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement in A level students that whether the student achieving high grades is emotionally intelligent and optimistic. To accomplish the objective fifty Students were selected from three different schools of Rawalpindi, both girls and boys. And they completed the protocols (Schutte Self Report Emotional Intelligence Test and Life Orientation Test-Revise). Results indicate the relationship of emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement. Table demonstrates that emotional intelligence and optimism has a significant relationship with academic achievement. It means that if emotional intelligence and optimism is high in students it would result in better positive academic achievement. If the student is emotionally intelligent and optimistic then he or she will excel in his academics. Results showed the positive relationship of emotional intelligence and optimism with academic achievement that if the student is performing well in academics he/she is emotionally intelligent and optimistic. Relationship is also been proved with the previous research, Abdullah et al (2004) found the positive relationship between EQ and academic achievement. Another study examined that the emotions, feelings, and values are vital for a persons well being and achievement in life, and if these emotions are used in positive manner then it will lead to success. (Ediger, 1997). Abisamra (2000) found no significant relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement, the study was conducted on eleventh graders. Another study showed the positive relationship among emotional intelligence and academic achievement that students who score high on emotional intelligence tend to have good academic performance as compared to those who score low on emotional intelligence scale (Farooq, 2003). There is significantly positive relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement (r=.421**, pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.01) which means the student doing well in his/her academics also sc ored high on emotional intelligence (see Table 3).   The relationship of optimism and academic achievement has also been proved with previous researches, optimism leads to better academic performance as optimistic individuals can better deal with the stressors and thus they give better results (Whipple, Gootman, 2001). Another study conducted by Pajares (2001) findings indicates that constructs like optimism drawn from positive psychology can help explain academic motivation and achievement. The optimistic student can better cope with his/her the daily stressors of academic life and have the positive expectations for the future, results showed the significantly positive relationship between optimism and academic achievement (r=.322*, pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.05) (see Table 3). Results on gender difference indicated no significant difference in girls and boys. It reveals that no gender differences regarding emotional intelligence and optimism. T-test was applied to see the gender difference in data. It revealed the same results as concluded by the He